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- <text id=93CT1786>
- <link 90TT2041>
- <link 90TT1150>
- <title>
- Mongolia--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- East Asia
- Mongolia
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> In A.D. 1203, a single Mongolian feudal state was formed from
- nomadic tribal groupings under the leadership of Ghengis Khan.
- He and his immediate successors conquered nearly all of Asia and
- European Russia and sent armies as far afield as Central Europe
- and Southeast Asia. Ghengis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan gained
- fame in Europe through the writings of Marco Polo. Although
- Mongol-led confederations sometimes exercised wide political
- power over their conquered territories, their strength declined
- rapidly after the Mongol Dynasty in China was overthrown in
- 1368.
- </p>
- <p> The Manchus, who conquered China in 1644, were able to bring
- Outer Mongolia under Manchu rule in 1691, when the Khalkha
- Mongol nobles swore an oath of allegiance to the Manchu emperor.
- The Mongol rulers of Outer Mongolia enjoyed autonomy under
- Manchu control, and all Chinese claims to Outer Mongolia,
- following the overthrow of the Manchu Dynasty and the
- establishment of the republic, have rested on this oath. In
- 1727, Russia and Manchu China concluded the Treaty of Kiakhta,
- delimiting the border between China and Outer Mongolia that
- exists in large part today.
- </p>
- <p> Outer Mongolia was a Chinese province from 1691 to 1911, an
- autonomous state under Russian protection from 1912 to 1919, and
- again a Chinese province from 1919 to 1921. As Manchu authority
- in China waned, and as Russia and Japan confronted each other,
- Russia gave arms and diplomatic support to nationalists among
- the Mongol religious leaders and nobles. The Mongols accepted
- Russian aid and proclaimed their independence of Manchu rule in
- December 1911, shortly after a successful Chinese revolt against
- the Manchus in October. By agreements signed in 1913 and 1915,
- the Russian Government forced a new Chinese Republican
- Government to accept Mongolian autonomy under continued Chinese
- sovereignty, presumably to discourage other foreign powers from
- approaching a newly independent Mongolian state that would be
- looking for support from as many foreign sources as possible.
- </p>
- <p> The Russian revolution and civil war afforded Chinese
- warlords and opportunity to establish rule in Outer Mongolia,
- and Chinese troops were dispatched there in 1919. Following
- Soviet military victories over White Russian forces in the
- early 1920s, Moscow again became the major outside influence on
- Mongolia. Under the revolutionary leaders Sukhe Baatar and
- Choybalsan, the Mongolian People's Republic was proclaimed on
- November 26, 1924.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Although the first two decades of communist rule in Mongolia
- were considerably unstable politically, no significant popular
- unrest is now apparent. Collectivization of animal husbandry,
- introduction of agriculture, and the extension of fixed abodes
- have been, or are being, carried out without perceptible popular
- opposition.
- </p>
- <p> Many shakeups in the ruling elite have occurred since 1957.
- The latest took place when Batmonh succeeded the aging Tsedenbal
- in 1984. Tsedenbal had been in power since 1952, but by 1984 was
- rumored to be in failing health. The leadership has also had to
- cope with an apparently complacent bureaucracy, periodic
- setbacks from the weather (blizzards), and a labor shortage.
- Military leaders are not believed to intrude significantly into
- the MPRP's political workings. The communist leadership
- undoubtedly desires to advance the socialization of the country
- and to achieve widespread recognition as an independent country.
- Beyond this, the Mongolian people probably want material gains
- with the least interruption of their traditional ways, about
- which they remain quite proud. Dependence on the Soviet Union
- continues to play a central role in MPR internal politics and
- economic planning.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, May
- 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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